4 marksFoundation and Higher
A student adds an alkali gradually to an acid. The measured pH values after successive additions are 2, 4, 6, 7, 9 and 11.
.1Describe the change and identify the neutral reading.
[2 marks] .2Explain neutralisation in terms of the reacting ions.
[2 marks] 4 marksFoundation and Higher
A beaker becomes colder when two substances react. A student sketches a reaction profile with products below reactants and no energy barrier.
Explain how the profile should be corrected and what each correction means.
[4 marks]6 marksHigher
Copper oxide is reduced by hydrogen:
CuO+H2→Cu+H2O. A process must produce 12.8 g copper.
Ar: Cu = 64, O = 16, H = 1.
.1Calculate the minimum mass of copper oxide needed if conversion is complete.
[4 marks] .2Calculate the mass of hydrogen that reacts with this copper oxide.
[2 marks] 5 marksHigher
A bottle contains carbon dioxide molecules. A sample of magnesium chloride contains
Mg2+ and
Cl− ions.
.1Compare how bonds form in the two substances.
[3 marks] .2Explain why one magnesium atom needs two chlorine atoms to form the compound.
[2 marks] 6 marksHigher
A student claims that diamond, graphite and fullerenes have identical properties because all contain only carbon.
Evaluate the claim by connecting structure to properties.
[6 marks]